Lithium-ion (LI) and other battery/energy storage system (ESS) technologies continue to evolve in a wide variety of small-scale and large-scale applications. Mitigation of the inherent fire hazards remains a challenge that requires careful consideration. Challenges include overheating, thermal runaway, toxic/flammable gas emissions and limited effectiveness of early detection and fire suppression systems. Fire prevention measures such as proper storage/handling, protection from damage, separations, proper charging/equipment, and loading are only part of an effective fire protection strategy.
In addition, distribution of clean energy sources such as wind and solar and grid balancing are resulting in more and large battery energy storage systems using LI and other technologies. These applications have inherent hazards affecting larger areas and have a larger effect on power distribution upon failure that require careful consideration and mitigation. As new battery technology continues to evolve, there is increased scrutiny by code and fire officials to ensure that fire hazards are addressed and mitigated.
NFPA 855 Standard for the Installation of Stationary Energy Storage Systems is the standard for the installation of stationary ESS that is referenced by most fire codes. It requires a hazard mitigation analysis (HMA) and an emergency response plan (ERP) to evaluate and mitigate potential failure modes and consequences. Fire protection systems may include smoke/fire detection, fire suppression, barrier/separation, gas detection, mechanical ventilation and explosion control. The HMA considers possible failures of the ESS and failure of one or more fire protection systems with the objective of minimizing likelihood/severity of fires and explosions.
EPM can assist with any aspect of ESS/battery fire protection including but not limited to:
- Assessment of proposed battery storage/use
- Development of a comprehensive fire protection design approach
- Hazard mitigation analysis (HMA)
- Emergency response plan (ERP)
- Fire/building/NFPA code analysis